Types of survey based on Instrument
Types of survey based on Instrument
1. CHAIN SURVEY
2. COMPASS SURVEY
3. LEVELLING SURVEY
4. THEODOLITE SURVEY
5. PLAN TABLE SURVEY
6. TACHEOMETER SURVEY
7. PHOTOGRAPH SURVEY
CHAIN SURVEY:
1. Only linear measurement are taken.
2. No angular measurement are taken.
COMPASS SURVEY: In compass survey compass is used to measure angle and for distance. Chain or tape are use.
LEVELLING SURVEY: In levelling we found out elevation in different point by use of levelling instrument.
THEODOLITE SURVEY: theodolite is used to measure Horizontal and vertical angle.
PLAN TABLE SURVEY: in plan table survey direction is measure by plan table and for distance chain and tape are use.
TACHEOMETER SURVEY: tachometer survey is a special type of theodolite use to measure distance.
PHOTOGRAPH SURVEY: If area is inaccessible or time is less then by use of camera photograph of area is taken.
BASIC PRINCIPAL OF SURVEY:
1. To work from whole to part: the reason of this principal is to prevent error accumulation.
2. To locate new point at least by two known point.
SCALE OF MAP:
Scale is use to convert large distance into small distance.
Scale =
TYPES OF SCALE
Exp. Let assume,
1CM = 10KM,
1inch = 500feet,
1mm = 1KM
1CM = 1M
This type of scale used in engineer scale.
Let see , what engineer`s think about that scale
1cm = 1m
There are 1cm = which length is drawn on the plan.
1 m = which length is on the ground, else which is measure on the ground and reduce it`s size to show on the plan.
How to solve R.F questions.
Let`s find out.
Q.1 R.F 
means
i) 1cm = 100m iii) 1cm = 1km
ii) 1 cm= 20km iv) 1cm = 10km
Ans. The answer is (iv)
NOTE: Large and small scale:- which scale gives large area map on plan is called large scale and vice-versa.
Graphical scale:- graphical scale is a line drawn on map or plan.
Graphical scale is better then numerical scale because there is no effect of shrinkage on graphical scale.
Shrinkage factor (S.F)= 
or 
= 9.5/10 = .95cm
Note: the value of shrunk factor is always less then 1.
Q.1. Plan of area has shrunk such that align originally 10cm long. Now measure 9.5cm. if originally scale was 1cm = 10m. then determine.
a) shrunk factor
b) shrunk scale
c) correct area corresponding major area 100.
Ans. a) Shrunk factor (S.F)=
b) Shrunk factor (S.F)=
.95 = 
shrunk scale = 
Shrunk scale= 
Correct area =
Correct area = 110.80
NOTE: if wrong scale is use. Then use
Correct length = { 
}× Measure length
Correct area = = { 
× Measure area
Vernier scale: Vernier is use to read fractional part of main scale.
Types of Vernier scale
1. Direct
2. Retrograde Vernier
Direct Vernier: in direct Vernier and division of Vernier scale is equal to (n-1) division of main scale.
Let length of one main scale division = S
Let length of one Vernier scale division = v
· Vernier division is slightly smaller then one main scale division.
· Main and Vernier scale reading increases in same direction.
1. Nv = (n+1)S
2. L.C = S/n
3. Main scale division is slightly smaller then vernier scale division.
4. Reading on both scale is opposite.
Some special type of vernier:
1. Double vernier
2. Double folded vernier
3. Extended vernier
DOUBLE VERNIER: If main scale is graduated in both direction . then double vernier use such as theodolite.
DOUBLE FOLDED VERNIER: it is a special type of double vernier whose total length is half of double vernier and use where there is diffculty to provide double vernier.
Note: to measure 3 dimension diagonal scale is use.
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