CIVIL YAAR

 INTRODUCTION When a tension member is subjected to axial tensile force, then the distribution of stress over the cross-section is uniform. The complete net area of a member is effectively used at the maximum permissible uniform stress. Therefore, a tensile member subjected to axial tensile force is used to be efficient and economical member. The procedure of the design of a tension member is explained below with help of example problems. Tension members :- Are structural elements that are subjected to axial tensile forces. Examples of tension members are bracing for buildings and bridges, truss members, and cables in suspended roof systems. When things feel so tight they might snap, that's tension. The noun tension has its Latin roots in tendere, which means to stretch, and tension occurs when something is stretched either physically or emotionally. ... Strained relations between countries can cause political tensions to rise. Types of Tension Members i)Wires and cables, ii)Rods a...

INTRODUCTION The development of welding technology in 1940s has considerably reduced the riveted joint applications. Welding is the method of locally melting the metals (sheets or plates – overlapping or butting) with intensive heating along with a filler metal or without it and allowing cooling them to form a coherent mass, thus creating a joint. A typical weld showing various zones of weld is shown in Fig. 7.1. Such joints can be created to make structures, boilers, pressure vessels, etc. and are more conveniently made in steel. The progress has been made in welding several types of steels, but large structure size may impede the use of automatic techniques and heat treatment which becomes necessary in some cases. Welded ships were made in large size and large number during Second World War and failures of many of them spurted research efforts to make welding a better technology. ADVANTAGES OF WELDED CONNECTIONS The gross sectional area of the welded members is effective since the we...

Rivet Rivets are short ductile and cylindrical bars that are used for making a permanent mechanical joint. The process of forming a riveted joint is called riveting. A rivet is divided into 3 parts i.e., the head at one end, the tapered tail, and shank, The portion between the head and tail as shown in the figure. As it is a permanent joint it cannot be disassembled without the failure of the machine component. The material of rivet should be tough and ductile. They are usually made of low carbon steel, nickel steel, Brass, Aluminum, copper, etc. Physics Behind Rivetting. The main function of a rivet is to make a connection, That has the strength to prevent failure and tightness to prevent leakage. For connecting “> 2 metal plates, firstly holes are punched and reamed. The plates are then separated to remove any burrs or chips. The cylindrical cold or red-hot rivet is then inserted into the hole. Then the head is backed by a hammer or heavy bar and then the Die as shown in the figur...