Reinforced Cement Concrete( प्रबलित कंक्रीट) (R.C.C.)
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Design of Structures: Welded Connection
INTRODUCTION The development of welding technology in 1940s has considerably reduced the riveted joint applications. Welding is the method of locally melting the metals (sheets or plates – overlapping or butting) with intensive heating along with a filler metal or without it and allowing cooling them to form a coherent mass, thus creating a joint. A typical weld showing various zones of weld is shown in Fig. 7.1. Such joints can be created to make structures, boilers, pressure vessels, etc. and are more conveniently made in steel. The progress has been made in welding several types of steels, but large structure size may impede the use of automatic techniques and heat treatment which becomes necessary in some cases. Welded ships were made in large size and large number during Second World War and failures of many of them spurted research efforts to make welding a better technology. ADVANTAGES OF WELDED CONNECTIONS The gross sectional area of the welded members is effective since the we...
Seismic Zoning
Seismic Zoning It can be defined as dividing a country or region into smaller zones on the basis of their seismicity or earthquake activity. It depends on : a) The detail study of the earthquake that have occurred in past, their characteristics like magnitude, intensity and damage. b) The tectonic feature of the place which could cause an earthquake in future. Tectonic feature of India India lies at the north- western end of the Indo- Australian plate. On this plate, India, Australia, a major part of the Indian Ocean and other smaller countries are located. This plate is colliding against other neighbouring plates. 3 major tectonic plates of India are a) Northern Himalayas b) Plains of the Ganges and other rivers c) The Peninsular Region Northern Himalayas The Himalayan Ranges comprises of highly seismic zone which is very unstable. All along the foothills of Himalayas, stretching from Kashmir to Assam is a long thrust fault known as Great Boundary Faul...
What are defect of high rise buildings.causes of building defects?
⇒ What are defect of high rise buildings. A structural defect is defined as actual physical damage to the designated load-bearing elements of a structure, or the ingress of water into the waterproofing envelope, attributable to a defect in design, workmanship or materials, to the extent that the structure becomes unsafe or otherwise unlivable. Defect:- A defect is a building flaw or design mistake that reduces the value of the building , and causes a dangerous condition. A construction defect can arise due to many factors, such as poor workmanship or the use of inferior materials. Building defects do not appear to have been minimized despite recent advancements in building technology. Some common defects caused by agents such as atmospheric pollution, poor workmanship or the use of inferior materials and climatic conditions are more frequent. Defective building construction not only contributes to the final cost of the product but also to the cost of main...
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