CIVIL YAAR

 →Definitions of Earthquake: -  Earthquake is defined as the shaking of earth’s surface due to any reason which, result in  release of large amount of energy. For example-: The energy released in during 2001 Bhuj Earthquake (Gujrat, india) was  about 200 times that of energy released by Atom bomb dropped on Hiroshima  (Japan) In the year of 1945.  Or * The ground vibrations, both feeble and strong, produced on the surface of earth due to any  reason what so ever are described as earthquake. * Define Earthquake Engineering/Seismology-: The branch of science which deals with the study of earthquakes. It includes causes and types of earthquake, Study of origin, Propagation, Recording and  analyzing seismic waves that occur inside the earth along with the source that produce them  is known as Earthquake Engineering or Seismology. * Important Terminology related with Earthquake Engineering  Seismology-: 1. Hypocenter or focus or seismic center-: The exact point or place inside the surface o

 INTRODUCTION When a tension member is subjected to axial tensile force, then the distribution of stress over the cross-section is uniform. The complete net area of a member is effectively used at the maximum permissible uniform stress. Therefore, a tensile member subjected to axial tensile force is used to be efficient and economical member. The procedure of the design of a tension member is explained below with help of example problems. Tension members :- Are structural elements that are subjected to axial tensile forces. Examples of tension members are bracing for buildings and bridges, truss members, and cables in suspended roof systems. When things feel so tight they might snap, that's tension. The noun tension has its Latin roots in tendere, which means to stretch, and tension occurs when something is stretched either physically or emotionally. ... Strained relations between countries can cause political tensions to rise. Types of Tension Members i)Wires and cables, ii)Rods a